Cryptorchidism(隱睪症)

症狀/併發症(symptom/complication)	@Palpable (80%): use standard orchiopexy @Non-palpable (20%): diagnostic laparoscopy
病因(etiology)	|testicular descent do not present 資料來源：新南威爾士大學
檢查/準則(examination/criteria)	#Physical Examination: very important #ultrasound: sensitivity: 45%; specificity: 78%
治療(treatment)	$surgery advised during 6 to 12 months $$Orchidopexy $$Standard open orchiopexy (lateral extension) $$Staged orchiopexy (preserved testicular artery)
鑑別診斷(Differential Diagnosis)
流行病學(Epidemiology)	+Undescended testis: Retractile testis: 4.5 ~13 per 1000 births +Ectopic testis +Absent testis (Vanishing testis & testicular agenesis): less than 4% +Ascended testis:less than 2% +Right side: 70% and left side :30%, right side is more

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