hypospadias(尿道下裂)

症狀/併發症(symptom/complication)	@Abnormal urethral opening  資料來源：gaurology @Ventral curvature on erection-->Chordee 資料來源：springerimages @Redundant dorsal prepuce 資料來源：readcube accompany disease @undescended testes @Inguinal hernia @Spinal abnormality
病因(etiology)	typing anterior, middle and posterior 資料來源：gaurology |Abnormal androgen secretion |Deficiency of androgen receptor |Decreased sensitivity of androgen
檢查/準則(examination/criteria)
治療(treatment)	$treat during 6~12 months $Orthoplasty: straight penis, most common $Nesbit procedure $Urethroplasty: create a urethra, meatal advancement techniques, Tubularization with incision of urethral plate, TIP .... $Meatoplasty and $glanuloplasty: re-form the glans into a more natural conical configuration $Indwelling urethral drippy stent for 7 to 14 days  after surgery $surgery complication $$Urethrocutaneous fistulas $$Urethral stricture
鑑別診斷(Differential Diagnosis)
流行病學(Epidemiology)	+1/300 prevalence

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