Sunday, October 13, 2013

Malignancy associated hypercalcemia(惡性腫瘤相關高鈣血症)

症狀/併發症(symptom/complication)
@hypercalcemia accompany hyperphosphatemia
病因(etiology)
typing
|Solid tumor: Increase osteoclast-medicated resorption
||Hormone: PTH related protein, therefore, we could find PTH is low but hypercalcemia
||Local endocrine or paracrine of tumor
|Multiple myeloma: Osteolytic factor: TNF, IL-1 or IL-6-->concentration of calcium and Phosphate  increased
|Lymphoma: Increase of 1,25(OH)2D: improve vitamin activity
檢查/準則(examination/criteria)

治療(treatment)
$osteoclast related: decrease function of osteoclast--> bisphosphonates類藥物, ex Alendronate
$Glucocorticoid: Especial in multiple myeloma and lymphoma
鑑別診斷(Differential Diagnosis)

流行病學(Epidemiology)


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