type II diabetes mellitus(第二型糖尿病)

症狀/併發症(symptom/complication)	symptom @polyuria @polydipsia @polyphagia @unexplained weight loss @Glycosylation of Protein: Reaction of glucose to amino groups and cause some pathogenesis @Polyol formation: ex: Sorbitol accumalation and cause retinopathy @insulin resistence syndrome @@hypertension @@hyperglycemia @@central obesity @@hypofibrinolysis: something will accumulate on blood vessel wall @@dyslipidemia @acanthosis nigricans @polycystic ovary syndrome chronic complication: main death reason of diabetes mellitus @macrovascular disease @@coronary artery disease @@stroke @peripheral artery disease @microvascular disease @@retinopathy: may be blind @@nephropathy: need hemodialysis @@neuropathy 資料來源：badas-dpis @hyperglycemia mechanism 資料來源：台灣內科醫學會
病因(etiology)	|Insulin resistance with insulin secretion deficiency (order is still controversial) ||receptor insensitivity |alpha cell secretes too much glucagon
檢查/準則(examination/criteria)	#criteria: all need two times except have symptom ##Fasting plasma glucose, FPG  ≥ 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) ##symptoms (such as polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss) AND  a random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) ##Plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl ( 11.1 mmol/l) 2 hours after a 75g glucose load #glucose in urine: normal is less than 60 mg/L, but DM patients may be higher than 160~180 mg/L #blood sugar: 血糖(Blood sugar) #HbA1c: the sugarization or "Stickiness-index" which measures the percentage of hemoglobin  ≥ 6.5%. 資料來源：diabetes-mellitus
治療(treatment)	$oral insulin like drug and insulin injection
鑑別診斷(Differential Diagnosis)
流行病學(Epidemiology)	+90~95% of diabetes

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